One of the great achievement of Professor Elinor Ostrom and colleagues was the identification of eight key design principles for successful commons, which were set forth in her book, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (1990) and updated slightly throughout the years. There have been elaborations and suggested modifications to these rules (f.i. Eight Orientations points for Commoning html 
), but they remain a landmark set of reference guidelines for understanding why commons-institutions succeed or fail.
# 1. Clearly defined boundaries Individuals or households who have rights to withdraw resource units from the CPR must be clearly defined, as must the boundaries of the CPR itself. # 2. Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions Appropriation rules restricting time, place, technology, and/or quantity of resource units are related to local conditions and to provision rules requiring labor, material, and/or money. # 3. Collective-choice arrangements Most individuals affected by the operational rules can participate in modifying the operational rules. # 4. Monitoring Monitors, who actively audit CPR conditions and appropriator behavior, are accountable to the appropriators or are the appropriators. # 5. Graduated sanctions Appropriators who violate operational rules are likely to be assessed graduated sanctions (depending on the seriousness and context of the offense) by other appropriators, by officials accountable to these appropriators, or both. # 6. Conflict-resolution mechanisms Appropriators and their officials have rapid access to low-cost local arenas to resolve conflicts among appropriators or between appropriators and officials.\ # 7. Minimal recognition of rights to organize The rights of appropriators to devise their own institutions are not challenged by external governmental authorities. For CRPs that are parts of larger systems: # 8. Nested enterprises Appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and governance activities are organized in multiple layers of nested enterprises.
# See also Patterns of Humanity
# Source
Patterns of Commoning html